Critical Thinking Guide
在这个信息爆炸的时代，识别逻辑陷阱和心理偏见是每个年轻人的必备技能。 MindGuards 帮你洞察思维漏洞，做出更明智的决策。
Instead of addressing the opponent's argument, attempting to undermine their credibility by attacking their character, background, or motives.
Distorting, exaggerating, or misrepresenting someone's argument to make it seem absurd, then attacking this distorted "straw man."
Claiming that if A happens, it will inevitably lead to a series of extreme consequences ending in catastrophic B, without providing logical necessity for each step.
Reducing a complex issue to only two extreme options, ignoring other possibilities in between.
Believing something must be true simply because an authority figure (or celebrity) endorses it, even if that authority is not an expert in the relevant field.
用结论来证明前提，又用前提来证明结论，论证过程形成了一个封闭的循环。
引入无关的话题来转移注意力，使讨论偏离原来的主题。
认为因为大多数人相信或做某事，它就一定是正确的或值得做的。
通过激发恐惧、同情、愤怒等情绪来替代逻辑论证，使人在情绪影响下接受结论。
认为"天然的"就是好的、正确的，"人工的"就是坏的、有害的，而不考虑实际证据。
基于不充分的样本或个别案例就得出普遍性的结论。
假设因为事件B发生在事件A之后，A就一定是B的原因。时间先后不等于因果关系。
在论证中改变某个关键词的含义，利用词语的歧义使论证看似成立。
先射箭再画靶心——在随机数据中挑选有利的部分来支持已有的结论，忽略不利的数据。
提出主张的人不去证明自己的主张，反而要求对方证明其主张不成立。
The tendency to seek, interpret, and remember information that confirms one's existing beliefs, while ignoring contradictory evidence.
People who lack competence in a given area tend to develop a false sense of superiority, mistakenly believing they are more capable than others.
Continuing to invest time, money, or effort in something even when it's clearly not worthwhile, simply because of what has already been invested.
The tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of events based on how easily examples come to mind.
Having a favorable impression of one trait of a person (such as appearance) and inferring that they are equally excellent in other aspects (such as personality or ability).
Over-relying on the first piece of information encountered (the "anchor") when making decisions.
Focusing excessively on the people or things that "survived," while ignoring those that didn't, leading to false conclusions.
事情发生后，倾向于认为自己早就预料到了结果，觉得一切都是"显而易见"的。
对同一信息的不同表述方式会导致截然不同的判断和决策。
倾向于维持现状，即使改变可能带来更好的结果，也会因为惰性或对未知的恐惧而拒绝改变。
系统性地高估好事发生在自己身上的概率，低估坏事发生的概率。
负面信息对心理的影响远大于同等程度的正面信息。我们对批评的记忆比对表扬更深刻。
倾向于偏袒自己所属群体的成员，对外群体持有偏见或不信任。
成功时归因于自己的能力和努力，失败时归咎于外部因素和运气。
认为如果某个随机事件连续多次出现某个结果，下次就更可能出现不同的结果，即使每次事件都是独立的。
倾向于赋予最近发生的事件更大的权重，而忽视更早的历史数据和整体趋势。
越频繁地接触某事物，就越倾向于对其产生好感，即使最初并无特别感觉。
高估别人对自己外表和行为的关注程度，觉得自己时刻处于他人的"聚光灯"下。
对完成任务所需的时间、成本和风险持过于乐观的估计，即使有过类似的失败经验。
能够识别他人的认知偏见，却看不到自己身上存在的同样偏见。